Reexamining Running Biomechanics Through an Evolutionary Lens

The Natural History of Human Running

Humans evolved specific anatomical adaptations as we transitioned from walking to running around 2 million years ago. Key developments include longer Achilles tendons to store energy, bigger calf muscles to produce force, and medial longitudinal arches to distribute forces in the feet.

Early forms of footwear dating back 10,000 years were flat, minimal sandals intended mainly for environmental protection rather than control of motion. Running shoes remained similarly minimalist up until the 1960s.

Rise of Supportive Running Shoes

After the 1970s running boom drew less conditioned participants, injuries emerged. Podiatrists advised companies like Nike to add cushioning and motion control features, creating categories like “cushioned” and “motion control” shoes in an effort to reduce impacts and excess motion.

However, research has since shown that assigning shoe types based on foot characteristics does not reduce injury risk. This raised questions around the cushioning and support paradigm.

Revisiting Form and Footwear Fundamentals

Cushioned and supportive shoes have now been linked to weaker foot muscles, harder landings, and altered biomechanics compared to barefoot running.

Heel striking shifts load to the knees and quadriceps instead of the ankles and calves. Motion control shoes restrict natural foot motion, likely causing compensations up the chain.

Minimalist shoes facilitate forefoot striking, enable foot strengthening, promote natural movement patterns, and help lower injury risk for most runners.

Importance of Strong, Stable Feet

Allowing regular barefoot activity from early childhood enables proper development of foot strength and stability through adulthood. Kids should wear flat, flexible, and wide minimalist shoe options as much as possible.

Transitioning away from supportive shoes requires patience in adults. Feet must be conditioned first before slowly upping duration in new minimalist shoes over a period of months.

Retraining programs focused on drills, foot & ankle exercises, and gait re-education can help reinforce good mechanics when making a transition.

Takeaways for Promoting Injury-Free Running

• Cushioned and supportive shoes appear to hinder strength and natural biomechanics compared to barefoot running.
• Allowing regular barefoot activity from early childhood helps develop resilient, stable feet over the long term.
• Transitioning to minimalist shoes necessitates slowly building intrinsic foot strength first before increasing exposure.

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